Friday, December 27, 2019

Essay Treatment of the Jews During the Holocaust - 1088 Words

Treatment of the Jews During the Holocaust The Nazi slaughter of European Jews during World War II, commonly referred to as the Holocaust, occupies a special place in our history. The genocide of innocent people by one of the worlds most advanced nations is opposite of what we think about the human race, the human reason, and progress. It raises doubts about our ability to live together on the same planet with people of other cultures and persuasions. Before it happened, virtually no one thought such a slaughter likely or even possible. To be sure, for many centuries anti-Semitism had been widespread throughout Europe. Devout Christians had viewed the Jews as Christ killers and deliberate misbelievers, but conversion was†¦show more content†¦The most that I learned happened was those anti-Semitic minorities that took the Jewish problem seriously liked to solve it by assimilating the Jews into the larger population or else repealing their emancipation and restoring the old discriminatory laws. Even the toughest t hat may have thought there was a Jewish conspiracy to dominate the economy, recommended their expulsion as a remedy of last resort. So I believe that anti-Semitism was necessary prior to the Holocaust, but did not make it inevitable. I have learned that after World War I, Europe experienced severe economic and political problems that intensified anti-Semitism almost everywhere. This added to the old charges that Jews were unpatriotic and greedy and there was the accusation that they were behind the spread of Communism. In Germany, Adolf Hitler, who had become a racial anti-Semite as a youth in his birth country of Austria, made attacks on the Jews from the beginning of his career in the Nazi party in postwar Munich. Such attacks became the mainstay of Nazi propaganda throughout his rise to power, but he did not always use them. Hitler and his followers used these attacks when it played for their position and not when it served against them. However, once in power, the Nazis showed that they were sincere anti-Semites from the start. Jews were fired from government jobs, and were subjected to discriminatory laws, sporadicShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of The Jews During The Holocaust1501 Words   |  7 Pagesabuse and humiliate Jews. He then states that the comforting and aiding to Jews in Nazi Germany was illegal. While the first is legal and the second is illegal, what is legal is blatantly immoral whereas what is illegal is boldly moral. The abuse and mistreatment of Jews during the Holocaust was legal for the military. However, any citizen that would aid the Jews into hiding from the Nazis would be doing so illegally and would be punished if caught. The treatment of the Jews was immoral and teachingRead MoreThe Change of the Treatment of the Nazis from 1939-1945 Essay539 Words   |  3 PagesThe Change of the Treatment of the Nazis from 1939-1945 On January 20th 1942 an important meeting took place where fifteen high-ranking Nazi party and governmental leaders gathered for an important meeting that lasted around 90 minutes. The meeting was known as the wannsee conference and the purpose was to discuss the final solution. This involved many different strategies to help get rid of the Jews in Europe. After the conference the number of killings in the streetsRead MoreHeinrich Himmlers Role In Nazi Germany And The Holocaust1258 Words   |  6 Pagesa part of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler should be the first person that comes to mind. Heinrich Himmler was one of the leading members of the German National Socialist party, or widely known as the German Nazis. Himmler was the leader of many operations during his time in Nazi Germany, with the Final Solution during the Holocaust being his most well known. Three reasons why people should learn about Heinrich Himmler when talking about the Holocaust is his role in the Final SolutionRead MoreFrom Human Wrongs to Human Rights Many Novels1045 Words   |  4 Pagesgenocide is the Holocaust, which killed around six million Jews. After the Holocaust, the United Nations recognized that there had to be human rights put into place. Two human rights from the United Nations’ â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† that were perversely violated during the Ho locaust are Article 5 (the protection against inhumane treatment or punishment) and Article 25 (the right to a standard of living.) Light is shed upon the exploitation of human rights during the Holocaust in both NightRead MoreThe Holocaust Was Influenced By Hate, And The Remembrance Of Holocaust1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust was the systematic killing and extermination of millions of Jews and other Europeans by the German Nazi state between 1939 and 1945. Innocent Europeans were forced from their homes into concentration camps, executed violently, and used for medical experiments. The Nazis believed their acts against this innocent society were justified when hate was the motivating factor. The Holocaust illustrates the consequences of prejudice, racism, and stereotyping on a society. It forces societiesRead MoreThe Inhumane Treatment Of The Holocaust1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust was one of the largest genocides in history. An estimated eleven million people we re killed- six million of these people being Jewish. Not only were millions murdered, but hundreds of thousands who survived the concentration camps were forever scarred by the dehumanizing events that they saw, committed, and lived through. In the novel â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel, Wiesel recounts the spine-chillingly horrific events of the Holocaust that affected him first-hand, in an attempt to make theRead MoreI. Introduction. Schindler’S List Begins In Krakà ³w, Poland1328 Words   |  6 PagesList begins in Krakà ³w, Poland during World War II. At this time, the Nazi Party was trying to cleanse the world of â€Å"impure† people including Jews and rounded up all of the Jewish to make them work. In the movie, Oskar Schindler used Jews from the Krakà ³w ghetto to staff his factory instead of sending them to concentration camps. At first, he uses them only to make money, using bribery in order to get workers. Eventually, he realizes he is saving them from harsh treatment elsewhere and continues to makeRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The World War II1123 Words   |  5 Pageswars; however, during World War II, millions of people were treated less than human, forced into labor and killed on sight. Others were given a swift death by a bullet to the head while others died of starvation and disease. What makes this treatment of human even worse is how the Jewish people were targeted. Killing a specific group of people is called Genocide. A crime known to the U.N. as the worst crime a human can do. People in Europe in 1939 to 1945 were in terror due to war. Jews on the otherRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 million of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number o f survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreThe Holocausts Effect on the German Jew Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesof 1933. He hated Jews and blamed them for everything bad that had ever happened to Germany. Hitler’s goal in life was to eliminate the Jewish population. With his rise to power in Germany, he would put into action his plan of elimination. This is not only why German Jews were the main target of the Holocaust, but why they were a large part of the years before, during, and after the Holocaust. Hitler’s â€Å"final solution† almost eliminated the Jewish population in Europe during World War II. At

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Entertainment of the Media over the Ages - 1020 Words

Media has been a vital element to American entertainment since its commencement. This entertainment comes in all varieties, whether it is film, commercials, music or general consumer ads. Either way, they are all used to engage or encourage the reader or viewer to feel a certain way. Music has always been a catalyst for human beings since the first caveman started tapping his feet in a rhythmic pattern. Music can be used to express any feeling a person can have about any subject they might think about. It can be used to describe the ideals of an era or time frame; just look at music over the last one hundred plus years. No matter what, there is usually always some sort of symbolism or deeper meaning that the songwriter is trying to get to the listener. It’s no debate that the music we listen to today is most definitely not the music the generation our grandparents or even our parents listened to. The song â€Å"American Pie† by Don McLean, which released in 1971, is one of the most analyzed songs in American pop culture history (Shuck). Standing as a story all on its own, a simple analysis of the lyrics reveals allusions and metaphors in abundance. Analyzing these allusions and metaphors exposes many rhetorical devices used by McLean. A cultural revolution all in its own, the 1960’s saw the rise and fall of many great civil rights leaders. John F. Kennedy, along with his brother, Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr., who were all paramount in the fight for civil rights, aShow MoreRelatedVoluntary Reading Levels1092 Words   |  4 Pages This indicated a trend in fourth- and eighth- graders reading habits over time, but also within the group readers from fourth to eighth grade as the individuals in the first cohort aged into the second cohort. If the 19 per cent of eighth-graders who read voluntarily were the same fourth-graders who read at 46 per cent levels four years ago, the result would indicate a decline in voluntary reading by more than half, over potentially the most important formative years for students future performanceRead MoreThe Domestic Box Office Gross Receipts Counted1080 Words   |  5 PagesLEGO Movie, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Maleficent, X-Men: Days of Future Past, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Godzilla, and 22 Jump Street. Regal Entertainment recent released that they are considering â€Å"strategic alternatives†, hinting at a possible sell of the company. Regal Entertainment’s quarter net income in October 2014 was $26.7 million which is down from $75.1 million earlier in 2014. US consumer spending on home entertainment has declined to $12.51 billionRead MoreThe Influence of Mass Media on the Young Male Image Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Mass media creates a stereotype promoting an image of how a young man should act, appear, or resemble in todays society. The media has a great influence over what we view and hear as a society and it can have an effect especially on a younger men and the image that they want to portray. Moreover, the media has a lot to do with the image we perceived in our minds and young men are easily perusable by what they see or hear. With the media flooding negative influence, it builds up to having thisRead MoreErm Research Report On Walt Disney Company Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesproducers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and rel ated products in the world. According to the â€Å"2015-Annual-Report† of the Walt Disney Company, The Walt Disney Company, together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise with the followingRead MoreViolence on Television Can Have Negative Effects on Children1210 Words   |  5 Pageschildren are caused by parents. Some parents pay little to no attention to the ratings of television shows, or movies, or the amount of sex, and/or violence their child sees on television. Studies indicate as follows,Many parents find the entertainment industrys media ratings systems difficult to use; 68% of the parents of 10 to 17 year olds do not use the television rating system at all (Anderson, Bushman 17). This is an astounding amount of parents that cannot tell which shows, or movies are appropriateRead MoreBuzzfeed : The Future Of News1076 Words   |  5 PagesWith this, the content produced by BuzzFeed news shifted from an entertainment -oriented online content aggregator to an original news content generator. Journalists see hard news as reporting that consists of newsworthy facts of events that are potentially open to analysis and interpretation, while soft news items are equal to human-interest stories. Soft news is generally considered to include â€Å"interesting† stories, that are entertainment-oriented, and of human interest. The increase of hard news storiesRead MoreDisney Company : The World s Most Prominent Conglomerate1618 Words   |  7 Pagesconglomerate. Although it is known internationally for its princesses, pirates, and the iconic Mickey Mouse, Disney’s holdings include: a portfolio of cable networks (ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, and more), film studios (Disney Animation and Pixar), Marvel Entertainment, and the internationally celebrated Disney resorts, amusement park, and cruises. Disney excelled in expanding a company’s purpose and assets. While still remaining the frontrunne r of animated films, Disney has made its presence known in more thanRead MoreTaking a Look at Viacom1304 Words   |  5 Pagesalso took on the responsibility of being the President of Walt Disney International. With this role, Iger was able to expand and grow Disney internationally. In his role as CEO, he oversaw the acquisitions of Pixar Animated Studio (2006), Marvel Entertainment (2009), and Lucasfilm (2012). http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=191572ticker=DIS http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/about-disney/leadership/ceo/robert-iger Chairman, The Walt Disney Studios - AlanRead MoreMass Media Communication1719 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition Mass media is a media intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in the case of television and radio, or print media, like newspapers and magazines. Internet media can also attain mass media status, and many media outlets maintain a web presence to take advantage of the ready availability of Internet in many regions of the world. Some people also refer to it as the â€Å"mainstream media,† referencing the fact that it tends to stick to prominent stories whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney Company And Its Subsidiaries1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company and its subsidiaries forms one of the most diversified worldwide entertainment company in the world, with operations in five different areas: 1. Media Networks: this sector includes cable and broadcast television networks, television production operations and distribution, domestic and international television stations and radio operations. The cable networks include the ESPN, a channel that present many types of sports, the Disney Channels, channels that target children and

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Social Network Marketing Strategy and SME Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Social Network Marketing Strategy and SME Strategy. Answer: Introduction: In the present business structure, organizations not only focuses on the effective development of high quality products and services but also focus on formulating desired reputation in the existing market. For that reason, it is necessary for every business entity to utilize effective business policies and strategies to create maximum impact on the market. Now, marketing strategy is among the popular way through which organizations can provide proper information about the provided quality of products and services to the customers (Sarin, Challagalla and Kohli 2012). In this report, the prime focus will be on providing deep insight about the way marketing strategies add value to the organization. For that reason, the report has focused on evaluating the marketing strategies initiated by Aldi for gaining popularity in the marketplaces of Australia. Moreover, the report also focuses on suggesting the best possible way to move forward towards the fulfilment of desired objectives. Background to the Company: Aldi is one of the prime organizations in the retail industry, as it has able to develop huge amount of popularity across geographical boundaries. The organization has primarily targeted grocery products for creating desired amount of impact on the market (aldi.com.au 2017). Aldis mission statement focuses on providing superior quality products and services at an affordable price range. At the same time, management of the organization focuses on to designing the products to draw the attention of the customers. Now, Aldi consciously tries to avoid any religious biases at the time of designing products. As a result, Aldi has always able to draw the attention of customers coming from different background and culture. For that reason, product and service process of Aldi is very much active of new media platforms as well. For instance, business strategy of Aldi allows customers to capture all possible information from the websites, public forum, social media and others. Aldi was started f rom Germany and has able to expand its business in other countries as well. The initiated marketing strategies have contributed in repositioning the organization in a major way. The Nature of Aldis Marketing Strategies: Nature reflects the process through which organizations initiate promotional or marketing strategy to create desired impact on the market. It has been assessed that Aldi has always focuses on utilizing two way marketing strategy for increasing the popularity level in the market. Many studies have highlighted marketing mix strategy as the best possible way to evaluate the marketing strategies of the organization (Ferrell and Hartline 2012). For that reason, the report has included five Ps of marketing mix to analyze all the initiated strategies of Aldi in an appropriate manner. The marketing mix of Aldi is as follows: Product As mentioned earlier, grocery is the major sector in which all the business activity of Aldi deals with. However, the organization has consciously included different product design to ensure that the provided products of the organization can be acceptable for all the people regardless of their religious and cultural background. Price From the beginning, Aldi has tried to maintain low cost strategy to enhance the sales volume as much as possible. In fact, effective utilization of low cost strategy has allowed Aldi to go beyond the geographical boundaries. For that reason, it has allowed Aldi to target mass volume of the target market, which can increase the sales volume in a major way. Place The business strategy of Aldi has tried to utilize all the prime cities for the effective enhancement of the business perspective. For that reason, Aldi has opened outlets in areas such as Sidney, Melbourne and Brisbane to ensure that customers do not have face too much difficulties at the time of purchasing product from the organization. Promotion After achieving international success, Aldi has focused on utilizing both online and offline platform to reach to all potential customers in an appropriate way. As per the article by Armstrong et al. (2012), Australia is a technologically advanced country. For that reason, effective utilization of digital platform is necessary for the organization to grab the attention of young generation in an appropriate way. In addition, Aldi has also targeted electronic media and print media to maximize the impact of marketing strategy. People Aldi has always focuses on utilizing collective decision-making strategy so that it can able to create maximum impact on the market. For that reason, Aldi tries to include perspective and thinking of different level of employees. As a result, it has helped the organization to fulfil all the organizational goals in an effective way. Table 1: Marketing mix strategy of Aldi (Source: Berthon et al. 2012) Moreover, the management of Aldi has also focuses on utilizing STP analysis for creating maximum impact on the market. As highlighted by Solomon (2014) segmentation, targeting and positioning is among the most effective ways to reach to the potential customers. Now, Aldi has tried to segregate the market as per demographic, geographic and psychographic segmentation. Due to low price strategy and unbiased approach, Aldi can able to utilize psychographic and geographical segmentation in an appropriate way (Nobre and Silva 2014). For instance, Aldi can target the market regardless of the values, cultures, ethics and beliefs of the people. On the other hand, grocery products and low price strategy has allowed Aldi to target people with different income group in an appropriate way. On the other hand, Aldi has tried to utilize positioning strategy for grabbing the attention of international customers in an appropriate way. For that reason, Aldi has tried to utilize platform of media vehicle (Fifield 2012). Both offline and online media has been used similarly with the help of which customers from different age groups can develop detailed knowledge about the reliability of the products. Strategic Marketing Options for Aldi moving forward: As highlighted by Kumar and Rajan (2012) proper evaluation of strategic marketing option is necessary for creating maximum impact with the initiated promotional strategies. Now, Aldi has focused on utilizing two types of marketing strategies including business to consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) marketing for creating desired level of impact on the market. Business-to-business marketing: The business process of Aldi induces the organization to deal with several local retailers and distributors to reach to all the potential customers in an appropriate way. For that reason, Aldi has tried to include different marketing executives to deal with the business dealers in an appropriate way. Moreover, the business strategies of Aldi have also tried to develop strong long-term relationship with all the retailers and distributors to perform all the business activities in an appropriate manner (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). For that reason, Aldi has tried to provide additional benefits to all the associated business entities so that it can help to reach all possible customers in an effective way. The marketing strategy of Aldi tries to educate retailers that inclusion of organizations product can actually help to enhance reputation in the market. For that reason, it has able to influence majority of the retailers to include grocery products of Aldi in an effectively. Business to consumer marketing: Aldi has also tried to utilize business strategies for influencing customers to purchase products of the organization. For that reason, management of Aldi has tried to utilize different B2C marketing strategies that are discussed as follows: Direct marketing: Aldi has focused on utilizing direct marketing approach to share information to the customers effectively. On the other hand, it will also help sales executive of Aldi to capture feedback from the customers in an appropriate manner. As a result, it can help organizations to make some required adjustment in the initiated business process so that it can able to create maximum impact on the market. As per the article by Kumar et al. (2012), effective utilization of direct marketing approach can help organization to create long-term impact on the mind of the potential customers. As a result, it helps Aldi to retain their customers for long period of time. Personal selling: Moreover, Aldi has also tried to utilize personal selling technique to enhance the sales volume continuously. As highlighted by Mullins, Walker and Boyd Jr (2012) personal selling approach can help organizations to create emotional bonding with the provided products and services of the organization. As a result, it will help to maintain the satisfaction level of the customers at the desired level. Now, Aldi has tried to utilize internet platform for sending personalize emails and fax to all potential customers so that they remain associated with the organization for long period of time. Sales promotion: As opined by Hawkins, Mothersbaugh and Best (2013) sales promotion is another popular B2C marketing technique that organizations utilize to fulfil their business objectives in an appropriate manner. For that reason, Aldi also has tried to initiate sales promotion strategy for the enhancing its popularity in the global market. Aldi has focused on utilizing combined push and pull sales strategy, as it will allow the organization to supply products all parts of the country through the effective utilization of distribution network. On the other hand, it will also allow the organization to provide different type of loyalty benefits to regular customers. This will help to increase the sales volume of the organization in a major way. Conclusion: The report focuses on evaluating the kind of marketing policies and strategies Aldi has utilized to gain popularity in the Australian market. The report has mentioned the fact that Aldi has able to develop remarkable position in the retail industry sector. The report has evaluated 5Ps of marketing of the Aldi that has helped the organization to enhance the popularity level in an effective way. Moreover, Aldi has also tried to include STP analysis for targeting and position the brand effectively in the market. On the other hand, Aldi also has tried to utilize B2B and B2C strategy for creating maximum impact on the market. References: aldi.com.au, 2017. ALDI Australia - ALDI Australia. (2017).Aldi.com.au. Retrieved 18 January 2017, from https://www.aldi.com.au/ Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2012.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2012.Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Fifield, P., 2012.Marketing strategy. Routledge. Hawkins, D.I., Mothersbaugh, D.L. and Best, R.J., 2013.Consumer behavior: Building marketing strategy. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Kumar, V. and Rajan, B., 2012. Social coupons as a marketing strategy: a multifaceted perspective.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(1), pp.120-136. Kumar, V., Rahman, Z., Kazmi, A.A. and Goyal, P., 2012. Evolution of sustainability as marketing strategy: Beginning of new era.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,37, pp.482-489. Mullins, J., Walker, O.C. and Boyd Jr, H.W., 2012.Marketing management: A strategic decision-making approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Nobre, H. and Silva, D., 2014. Social network marketing strategy and SME strategy benefits.Journal of Transnational Management,19(2), pp.138-151. Sarin, S., Challagalla, G. and Kohli, A.K., 2012. Implementing changes in marketing strategy: The role of perceived outcome-and process-oriented supervisory actions.Journal of Marketing Research,49(4), pp.564-580. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Transgenders free essay sample

It is often recognized that a baby boy with genitalia is supposed to grow up to become a man. Anything that deviates from the norms of what the society perceives is â€Å"not normal†. With such prejudices and discriminations set in place through generations across the globe, an invisible boundary has been formed to separate a â€Å"normal† human being from someone who has stepped outside of his or her cultural and social norms. This paper will explore the liminal status put in place to separates sexual identities distinctly through case studies of various transgenders and the way their culture and society look at them; hence the research question poses will be: What are the cultural and social implications of creating a boundary that separates a transgender from a â€Å"normal† human being? This research question was generated through an interest in how a boundary, which may seem harmless, can lead to the inclusion or exclusion of certain people with the examples of various transgenders. We will write a custom essay sample on Transgenders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wilson (2003:91) supported the reason transgender was explored by stating that transgendered bodies have been a subject of pathology discourse since the late nineteenth century, with scholars from disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, history, social psychology, and cultural and queer studies began to deconstruct and refute the pathological approach to transgender. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (often know as DSM-IV), the criteria’s to diagnose one with Gender Identity Disorder (henceforth known as GID) have to be met, and the criteria are: strong and persistent cross-gender identification; persistent discomfort about one’s assigned sex; clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Anon. 2000:535). Gender identity disorder or gender dysphoria, mentioned in Dreger (2009:26), is having someone who constantly insists that he is really a girl, indicating a belief and not coming to terms with what he really is. An example quoted in Dreger (2009:26) is a five-year-old boy, William, loving â€Å"girl† toys such as Barbie dolls and My Little Pony. He strongly prefers playing with girls and enjoys dressing up like a conventional pretty woman in pumps, dresses, jewelry and make-up. Through William’s actions, he caused distress to his parents as he constantly challenges cultural and social norms. Mentioned in Nanda (2000:13), while the majority of individuals identify themselves as either male or female, there are also people who claim alternative gender. As much as gender is culturally constructed through various social interactions and exposures, these people have difficulties identifying their â€Å"real† self. This notion is labeled as a â€Å"third† gender or, in this essay, referred to as â€Å"transgender†. One example of â€Å"third† gender is the hijras in India, where they are often recognized as neither men nor women by members of their respective cultures, but occupying a â€Å"third† gender category by adopting various behaviors such as dressing as women, wearing their hair long, adopting feminine mannerisms and taking on female names (Corwin 2009).